Children are individuals born with indivisible and inalienable human rights. They belong to families and communities that need to have access to appropriate resources, services, and capacities required to ensure realization of these rights. The rights of parents and care-givers are therefore closely intertwined with the rights of children. Childhood is a period of tremendous biological, psychological, and social development. Enabling all children to realize their full creative potential is critical for sustaining India’s economic growth and accelerating human development. However, India’s social policies are yet to deliver on the promise of quality education, health, nutrition, and protection for all. Future social policies therefore need to be built on evidence-based platforms that pay particular attention to children’s experiences of poverty and vulnerability, which are multidimensional and distinct from those of adults. Bringing together a multidisciplinary set of essays, this volume advocates child-centred social policies that focus on the specific requirements of both children as well as those of the families, communities, and societies in which they live.