NGOs play an increasingly significant role in upholding human rights, and in implementing human rights standards in the present context. An international NGO (INGO) has similar vision, mission and mandate as national and state level NGOs; however, their sphere of work cuts across geographical borders, as their work extends to many countries and country-specific human rights issues. The previous module has provided an overview of the work of human rights NGOs. In the present module, we will study more closely the work of selected INGOs, and understand the interface between INGOs and the United Nations in protecting and promoting human rights. As discussed in the last module, some NGOs are operational – aimed at implementing various developmental projects and operations in each country, while others are advocacy-based – focusing on law and policy-making in various countries. Many INGOs have components / wings / departments of both approaches, which they implement within the countries where they work.