A large number of books and papers are being produced year after year the causes leading to the bitter animosity between the Hindus and the Muslims which was one of the principal factors for the partition of the Indian sub-continent. However, most ofthe works in this direction is being done from the political point of view. Barring certain exceptions, very few attempts have been made so far especially in Bengal to study the Bengali Muslim society in a historical perspective from the sociological and anthropological points of view. Besides, the process of modernization of the Bengali Muslims, an important aspect of the sociological study still remains almost a hitherto unexplored exercise even amongst the socially conscious academics and intellectuals. There are so many questions regarding the Bengali Muslims of the period, which need to be explore, such as, what was the response of the Bengal Muslims towards the concomitant issues in relation to modernity like secularism, rationalism and humanism in its positive aspect which are the very essence of the modernity and traditionalism, conservatism and communalism which are the very anti-thesis to the concept of modernity. The book further explore and investigate whether there was any endeavor on the part of the Bengali Muslims to sustain communal harmony or whether the very word communal harmony was a myth created by the nationalists to further their cherished goal. There is ignorance and apathy even among the enlightened section of the intelligentsia about the contribution of the Bengali Muslim community towards the enrichment of the culture and society. The present work address to answerthe above questions.