India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with a parliamentary system of governance. The political system operates under the framework of the Indian Constitution—the longest written constitution in the world—which establishes a federal structure with unitary features, dividing power between the central government in New Delhi and 28 individual states.

Legislative: The Parliament of India is bicameral, comprising the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). Members are elected directly by the people or appointed by state legislatures to pass laws and represent their constituencies

Executive: The President serves as the ceremonial Head of State and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. The Prime Minister, acting as the Head of Government, holds real executive power and is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha

Judiciary: An independent judicial system is headed by the Supreme Court of India, which acts as the ultimate interpreter and guardian of the Constitution.